Screening for precancerous lesions can be done in several ways including, cervical cytology (Pap tests), visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid [VIA] or testing for HPV DNA. Each of these methods has specific advantages, disadvantages and health systems requirements that countries should consider when planning screening programmes (See Annex 1). Demonstration projects on both vaccination and screening-and-treatment programmes in low- and middle-income countries have shown tremendous promise, but weaknesses in their health systems highlight challenges with scale-up of these efforts. Therefore, sustained success of high quality prevention programmes will require not only using evidence-based, cost-effective approaches but also.
