In IONIC BONDING the valence electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other atom. Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals when there is a large difference in electronegativity. In COVALENT BONDING the valence electrons are shared as pairs between the bonded atoms. Pure covalent bonding only occurs when two nonmetal atoms of the same kind bind to each other. When two different nonmetal atoms are bonded or a nonmetal and a metal are bonded, then the bond is a mixture of covalent and ionic bonding called polar covalent bonding. The fraction of all high yield issuers defaulting in a given year has fluctuated greatly in the recent.
