For the 57th Nestlé Pediatric Nutrition Workshop, which took place in May 2005 at Half Moon Bay, San Francisco, the topic ‘Primary Prevention by Nutrition Intervention in Infancy and Childhood’ was chosen. Early nutrition seems to be involved in the mechanism of control, especially taking into account the role of protein and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs). It seems that the new generation of infant formulas already takes those findings into consideration. We would like to thank the two chairmen, Prof. Hugh Sampson and Prof. Alan Lucas who are recognized experts in this field, for putting the program together and inviting the opinion leaders in the field of maternal.