Inferences made about the correlation between individual traits and credit scores, irrespective of place of residence The macro-level analysis (# 1) based on ZIP Code characteristics can produce valid inferences about “individuals that reside in poorer ZIP Codes,’ or “individuals that reside in areas with large minority concentrations,” but not about minority individuals or poor individuals per se; data limitations prevent any direct inferences about the relationship between credit scores and individual characteristics such as race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status (see.
