Damage to buildings is a dominant component of flood-related costs, at least in Bangkok and Manila. In these cities, over 70 percent of flood-related costs in all scenarios are a result of damages to buildings. Cities are, almost by definition, built-up areas full of concrete structures, so it is not surprising that the main impact of floods is on these structures and the assets they carry. In HCMC, 61 percent of urban land use and 67 percent of industrial land use are expected to be flooded in 2050 in an extreme event if the proposed flood control measures are not.
