The Boeing case studies provide an interesting window into the dramatic shift in manufacturing paradigms taking place in response to the highly competitive market of the 21st century. Like many companies today, Boeing has placed Lean Manufacturing in the forefront of its efforts to eliminate continually all non-value added aspects of the enterprise and ensure optimal competitiveness. Lean strategies utilized at Boeing have reduced the amount of energy, raw materials, and non-product output associated with its manufacturing processes, and many of these reductions can be translated into important environmental improvements. In fact, Boeing’s approach to Lean implementation.