In addition to this paradigm shift from batch and queue to single-piece flow, Lean Manufacturing requires a systematic elimination of all possible forms of non-value-added costs (., waste). In essence, pollution is a manifestation of economic waste and is a sign of production inefficiency, revealing flaws in product design or production processes. It is the unnecessary, inefficient, or incomplete utilization of a resource, or represents a resource not being used to its highest value. 12 This, in turn, can force unnecessary non value-added expenditures in pollution control, clean-up, and/or disposal. Lean Manufacturing zeros in on waste (and,.
