This collection was selected from papers presented at a conference titled “Veterinary Science, Disease and Livestock Economies,” which was organized by the editors and held at St Antony’s College, Oxford, in June 2005. The idea for the conference originated from our project, sponsored by the Wellcome Trust, which explored the history of veterinary science at the Onderstepoort Research Laboratories in South Africa during the first half of the twentieth century. Our comparative reading revealed that veterinary medicine and its relations with society and the economy are underrepresented in the historiography