S ystems ecology, also called ecosystem theory, offers today a complete theory about how ecosystems are working as systems. The theory will inevitably be improved in the coming years, when it hopefully will be used increasingly to explain ecological observations and to facilitate environmental management including the use of ecotechnology. The theory is, however, sufficiently developed today to be presented as a complete theory that offers a wide spectrum of applications. Only through a wider application of the theory – or let us call what we have today propositions of a theory – it will be possible to see the shortcomings of the present theory.
