Nine-tenths of the surface or near-surface sediments of Hungary were deposited during the Pleistocene. This fact alone is sufficiently significant to indicate that special attention should be paid to the biochronological problems of this era. Studies done in recent decades have demanded increasingly complex methods since we are striving to obtain knowledge in disproportionate detail what is of, in the palaeontological sense, a disproportionately short time period. It has become increasingly clear that it is biostratigraphy which will give a solid foundation to the understanding of this era, as it has for the older ones