although concentrations of sulfur dioxide and black smoke have been significantly decreasing worldwide in the last ten years [20], the present air concentrations in the city of niš are still an important threat to childrens health. It is difficult to determine whether one of the mea- sured pollutants, alone or in combination, was responsible for the observed health effects in children. It is also less clear which pollutants are most responsible for anemia of children. little is known about the possible adverse ef- fects of exposure to complex mixtures of chemicals. In an analytical cross-sectional study, neonates born to mothers exposed to carbon.