In the year 2004, outdoor air pollution in urban areas was responsible for almost million deaths (2% of all deaths) and of the global burden of disease. 1 Transportation-related air pollution, which is a significant contributor to total urban air pollution, increases the risks of cardiopulmonary-related deaths and non-allergic respiratory disease. Some evidence supports an association of transportation-related air pollution with increased risks of lung cancer, myocardial infarction, increased inflammatory response and adverse pregnancy outcomes (. premature birth and low birth weight). 11 Exposure to particulate matter, including metals, has been linked to a range of adverse.
