Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union expressly recognises the fundamental right to the protection of personal data. However, since the adoption of the Data Protection Directive in 1995, broad technological changes have taken place1. The ability of organisations to collect, store and process personal data has increased Not many digital technologies are designed to obtain detailed logs of their usage by individuals, which are then accessible for surveillance and marketing purposes. Identity management systems are information systems or technologies that can be used to support the management of identities: for example establishing an identity by linking a name or number to a.
