For instance, in developing countries in particular, we would expect those in urban areas to utilize cars, motor cycles and buses to a greater extent than those in rural areas. Similarly, agricultural products are transported to the cities, often from places far away—see Parikh and Shukla (1995) who provide an early analysis of the effect of urbanization on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. We agree with O’Neill and Chen (2002, p. 60) who suggest that the effect of urbanization on emissions represents a promising but underdeveloped avenue of research. Lastly, household size can be expected to have an impact on emissions as households with greater size.
