Projects before 1900 were generally managed by the creative architects and engineers themselves. Many of us are familiar with stories of the giants who flourished in the latter part of this historical period; people such as Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723), Thomas Telford (1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–59). You can read about Brunel in Vaughan (1991). There was no separately recognized profession of project management. Commonsense, determination, hard work (sometimes at the expense of neglecting personal health) usually got the job done. The time had not yet come for the industrial engineers and behavioural scientists who would eventually study working.
