For decades, researchers have been puzzled by three sets of empirical results associated with the pricing of initial public o¤erings (IPOs). Besides the well-documented underpricing puzzle and hot-issue market puzzle1, severe long-run underperformance of IPOs is reported recently by Ritter (1991) and Loughran and Ritter (1995), suggesting that market ine¢ciency may be even more pervasive than previously recognized. Thus, the IPO market, albeit small in scale, has become a leading example of anomalies against the e¢cient market hypothesis (Fama 1998)
