ADOCTRINE OF PRINCIPLES, that is, a systematic exposition of the most essential legal norms of the European legal order, offers a fine method to develop European constitutional scholarship. In fact, this discipline still has to define its subject and to establish itself as a part of legal Just as European law2 and then European Community law3 have become sub-disciplines, a further step in this differentiation is unfolding, irrespective of the fortunes of the Constitutional Treaty: the development of European constitutional law The potential contribution of a doctrine of principles can best be explained in the context of other approaches