Portions of this book appeared previously in Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The First ‘‘Establishment’’ Clause: Article VII and the Post- Constitutional Confederation, 78 Notre Dame L Rev 83 (2002); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Hobbesian Constitution: Governing without Authority, 95 Nw UL Rev 581 (2001); and Gary Lawson, Territorial Governments and the Limits of Formalism, 78 Cal L Rev 853 (1988). We are grateful to the Notre Dame Law Review, the Northwestern Law Review, and the California Law Review for permission to reproduce those materials