This book is the result of long-standing collaboration between Cardiff Law School, University of Wales, and the Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology of the University of Utrecht. It is the fifth book to appear since our first research contacts in Since those early days, our field of collaborators has broadened considerably. Some of the original group have moved on to work elsewhere, but have nevertheless remained sufficiently involved to want to contribute to this volume. We have also sought to interest researchers from other universities and institutes, both in and outside the United Kingdom and The Netherlands, in our continuing and widening comparative studies