The contents of this book represent nearly twenty years of studying and assessing critically philosophical work in the areas related to responsibility and punishment theories. Certain chapters or sections of chapters of this book contain materials that I have contributed to various philosophy journals or other sources. For example, the contents of Chapter 3 consists of a revised version of an essay by the same title published in The Southern Journal of Philosophy to which thanks are expressed for the use of it herein. Substantial sections of Chapter 4 consist of my essay, “Making Sense of Retributivism,” Philosophy, 76 (2001), pp. 77-110, and gratitude is expressed to the.