creative and thoughtful new approaches, as indicated above. Their analyses, however, have not been guided by theory or statistical and ethical principles, and have not taken account of extensive research on these issues and development of new methods that has taken place in the last two decades. Government and academic statisticians, largely outside of public health, have developed a variety of “perturbation” methods such as “data swapping” and “controlled rounding” that can limit disclosure risk while maximizing.
