The data is limited in some respects. We do not have information on total net assets, nor do we know the exact location of the portfolio manager, so we use the fund's legal domicile as a proxy for the manager's location. 9 We also have limited data on front-end and redemption loads, as well as total fund expense ratios. Moreover, we do not have data on many of the individual funds' expenses and fees, particularly during the early part of the sample (we searched for these data, and none of the major services{., Morningstar{appear to have historical data covering our entire sample period). .
