Representative audience surveys on early motion picture audiences are lacking, and modern market research was not yet done by the emerging movie companies (Bakker 2003). The only information available is from the press and trade press and from company sources. Before the era of fixed cinemas emerged, probably a dual audience existed. At the high end was the upper middle class, who saw the first shows of Lumière’s cinematograph probably in a legitimate theatre, as a special event, and later on between the live-acts in big-time vaudeville. At the other end, a more mixed social cross-section of local communities came.