Recently, Russell (2003) performed a similar study, also by using artworks to test Bartlett s concept of effort after meaning (Bartlett, 1932). In accordance with Bartlett s pre- diction, in a within-subjects design, Russell (2003) found an increase in the meaningfulness and hedonic value from first to second ratings when the paintings were presented with descriptions in the second phase (description plus title and the artist s name). In Russell s study, images of abstract and semiabstract art were presented. A comparison between abstract and representational art was not made. Two dependent variables, meaningfulness and pleasingness, were studied. Influences of other aspects like art interest, and art knowl- edge were not considered
