Nevertheless, there remains a need for research and development of housing systems that consider bird well-being, particularly with reference to concerns about restricted movement and lack of outlet for natural behaviour. Further basic and applied research is required to provide factual data on space requirements per bird; stocking density; and size, configuration, and construction of cages and other confinement systems. Such research should consider economic, production, health, thermal, and behavioural factors and should provide a basis for recommendations on optimum confinement of poultry under Canadian conditions
