For more than one decade forestry activities have been implemented under a series of national forest development programs, most recently the ‘661 Program’ and its predecessor, the 327 Program. In Phong Dien district, the 661 Program is managed by Phong Dien Forest Enterprise and the management board of Bo River Watershed Protection Forest (Le Trong Trai et al. 2001). The main forestry activities focused on ‘afforesting’ bare lands and degraded areas, and establishing forest plantations. In Khe Tran village, households were paid VND 700,000 to VND 1 million per hectare for planting trees on land allocated for plantations (Acacia spp.)
