Abstract. Design guidelines for predicting the axial capacity of piles in sand have long been the source of considerable debate due to the geotechnical profession’s inadequate understanding of pile behavior. Analytical studies, alone, cannot re solve the uncertainties in axial capacity predictions due to the complex nature of pile behavior in sand. This chapter presents some of the factors which occur dur ing installation and loading of pipe piles in sand, along with their potential impact on axial capacity. .