Within sample schools, all students were included in the study. Each student completed a survey and an exam, both of which were administered in the fall of 1965. We will focus our analysis on sixth, ninth, and twelfth graders because these stu- dents’ birth cohorts (1948–1954) span most of the period during which television was introduced, and because exam style and for- mat were fairly similar across these different grades. Exams for sixth, ninth, and twelfth graders contained sections on mathe- matics, spatial reasoning, verbal ability (vocabulary), and read- ing; ninth and twelfth graders completed an additional section on general knowledge. In addition to information on test scores, we extracted data.
