The three MT systems are characterized by different translation units. D3 , HPAT, and SAT use sentences, phrases, and words, respectively. D3 (Sentence-based EBMT): It retrieves the most similar example by DP-matching of the input and example sentences and adjusts the gap between the input and the retrieved example by using dictionaries. (Sumita 2001) HPAT (Phrase-based EBMT): Based on phrasealigned bilingual trees, transfer patterns are generated.