For example, a mecha- nism based on behavioral considerations like peer pressure or shame predicts that a high level of effort by one worker will induce other workers to increase their effort level, or that alowereffort by one worker causes other workers to follow suit. We refer to both of these cases as a “positive interaction” in the sense that a change in effort by one worker causes others to change their effort in the same direction. However, we show that a “negative interaction” between workers is also possible, in the sense that a change in effort by one worker causes other workers to change their effort.
