Springs | CONTENTS C H A P T E R 23 Springs 1. Introduction. 2. Types of Springs. 3. Material for Helical Springs. 4. Standard Size of Spring Wire. 5. Terms used in Compression Springs. 6. End Connections for Compression Helical Springs. 7. End Connections for Tension Helical Springs. 8. Stresses in Helical Springs of Circular Wire. 9. Deflection of Helical Springs of Circular Wire. 10. Eccentric Loading of Springs. 11. Buckling of Compression Springs. 12. Surge in Springs. 13. Energy Stored in Helical Springs of Circular Wire. 14. Stress and Deflection in Helical Springs of Noncircular Wire. 15. Helical Springs Subjected to Fatigue Loading. 16. Springs in Series. 17. Springs in Parallel. 18. Concentric or Composite Springs. 19. Helical Torsion Springs. 20. Flat Spiral Springs. 21. Leaf Springs. 22. Construction of Leaf Springs. 23. Equalised Stresses in Spring Leaves Nipping . 24. Length of Leaf Spring Leaves. Introduction A spring is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed. The various important applications of springs are as follows 1. To cushion absorb or control energy due to either shock or vibration as in car springs railway buffers air-craft landing gears shock absorbers and vibration dampers. 2. To apply forces as in brakes clutches and springloaded valves. 3. To control motion by maintaining contact between two elements as in cams and followers. 4. To measure forces as in spring balances and engine indicators. 5. To store energy as in watches toys etc. Types of Springs Though there are many types of the springs yet the following according to their shape are important from the subject point of view. 820 CONTENTS Springs 821 1. Helical springs. The helical springs are made up of a wire coiled in the form of a helix and is primarily intended for compressive or tensile loads. The cross-section of the wire from which the spring is made may be circular square or rectangular.
