This reference text is published in cooperation with ISA Press, the publishing division of ISA–The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society. ISA is an international, nonprofit, technical organization that fosters advancement in the theory, design, manufacture, and use of sensors, instruments, computers, and systems for measurement and control in a wide variety of applications. For more information, visit or call (919) 549-8411. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are. | THE MECHATRONICS HANDBOOK Editor-in-Chief Robert H. Bishop The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas ISA-The Instrumentation Systems and Automation Society CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington . This reference text is published in cooperation with ISA Press the publishing division of ISA-The Instrumentation Systems and Automation Society. ISA is an international nonprofit technical organization that fosters advancement in the theory design manufacture and use of sensors instruments computers and systems for measurement and control in a wide variety of applications. For more information visit or call 919 549-8411. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying microfilming and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use or the personal or internal use of specific clients may be granted by CRC Press LLC provided that per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-0066-5 02 . The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC a separate system of payment has been arranged. .