Gasification, at least of coal, is in one sense an old technology, having formed the heart of the town gas industry until the widespread introduction of natural gas. With the decline of the town gas industry, gasification became a specialized, niche technology with limited application. | GASIFICATION GASIFICATION Chris Higman and Maarten van der Burgt AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Science. Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier Science prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Higman, Chris. Gasification / Chris Higman and Maarten van der Burgt. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–7506–7707–4 (hc: alk. paper) 1. Coal gasification. I. Burgt, Maarten van der. II. Title. 2003 ′72—dc21 2003049012 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Elsevier Science 200 Wheeler Road Burlington, MA 01803 Tel: 781-313-4700 Fax: 781-313-4882 For information on all Gulf Professional Publishing publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America Cover Photos: 250 MW Coal IGCC, Buggenum, Netherlands (Courtesy of Nuon Power); Oil gasifiers in ammonia plant, Brunsbüttel, Germany (Courtesy of Hydro Agri Brunsbüttel GmbH)