(BQ) Part 2 book "Elsevier's integrated review immunology and microbiology with student consult online access" presentation of content: Basic bacteriology, clinical bacteriology, basic virology, clinical virology, mycology, parasitology. | SECTION II Microbiology Intentionally left as blank Basic Bacteriology CONTENTS BACTERIAL STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND CLASSIFICATION GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY COMMENSAL ORGANISMS OF THE NORMAL BODY FLORA BACTERIAL GENETICS Methods of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms Gene Expression and Regulation BACTEREMIA, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME, AND SEPSIS BACTERIAL TOXINS: VIRULENCE FACTORS THAT TRIGGER PATHOLOGY CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS MAJOR ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AGAINST BACTERIA At least 800 different species of bacteria inhabit the human host, representing a total population approaching 1015 organisms. Put into perspective, the number of bacteria is far greater than the number of cells in our bodies. Many organisms colonize various body tissues, representing specific flora that take advantage of space and nutrients in a commensal existence. However, organisms that forgo commensal or symbiotic relationships can produce disease and pathogenic response. lll BACTERIAL STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND CLASSIFICATION Historically, organisms were classified according to physical parameters, such as microscopic morphology (size and shape), staining characteristics, and ability to multiply on various energy sources (Fig. 11-1). Identification of specific biomarkers (biotyping) allowed classification for epidemiologic purposes, identifying organisms according to metabolic activity due to presence or absence of enzymes or ability to grow on specific substrates. The advent of antibiotics allowed further classification according to drug susceptibility patterns, and antibodybased serotyping was used to determine specific antigenic surface molecules unique to groups of bacterial organisms. Recent development of molecular biologic tools has led to genotypic classification with greater precision than that of 11 past methodologies. Genetic characterization of organisms is based directly on nucleic acid sequence and DNA homology, on nucleotide
