After reading this chapter, you should be able to: List two ways that economic growth is measured; define "modern economic growth" and explain the institutional structures needed for an economy to experience it; identify the general supply, demand, and efficiency forces that give rise to economic growth; describe "growth accounting" and the specific factors accounting for economic growth in the United States. | McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Economic Growth Increase in real GDP or real GDP per capita over some time period Percentage rate of growth Growth as a goal Arithmetic of growth: Rule of 70 Approximate number of years required to double real GDP = 70 annual percentage rate of growth LO1 Economic Growth Growth in . real GDP 1950-2009 Increased 6 fold per year Growth in . real GDP per capita Increased more than 3 fold 2% per year Qualifications Improved products and services Added leisure Other impacts LO1 Modern Economic Growth Began with the Industrial Revolution in late 1700s Ongoing increases in living standards Time for leisure Social change Democracy Human lifespan doubled LO2 Modern Economic Growth Began in Britain Has spread slowly Starting date main cause of worldwide differences in living standards Catching up is possible Leader countries invent technology Follower countries adopt technology Can grow faster LO2 Modern Economic Growth Real GDP Real GDP Average annual per capita, per capita, growth rate, Country 1960 2007 1960-2007 United States $ 14,766 $42,887 United Kingdom 11,257 32,181 France 9,347 29,663 Ireland 6,666 41,625 Japan 5,473 30,585 Singapore 4,149 44,619 Hong Kong 3,849 43,121 South Korea 1,765 23,850 Figures are in 2005 dollars Source: Penn World Table version , LO2 Modern Economic Growth LO3 Institutional Structures of Growth Strong property rights Patents and copyrights Efficient financial institutions Literacy and widespread education Free trade Competitive market system LO3 Determinants of Growth LO3 Supply factors Increases in quantity and quality of natural resources Increases in quality and quantity of human resources Increases in the supply (or stock) of capital goods Improvements in technology Demand factor Households, businesses, and government must purchase the economy’s expanding output Efficiency factor Must achieve economic efficiency and full employment Accounting for Growth Factors affecting productivity growth Technological advance (40%) Quantity of capital (30%) Education and training (15%) Economies of scale and resource allocation (15%) LO3 Productivity Growth Average rate of growth per year 1973-1995 per year 1995-2009 Affects real output, real income, and real wages Pay higher wages without lowering profit LO4 Productivity Growth Microchip/information technology New firms and increasing returns Sources of increasing returns More specialized inputs Spreading of development costs Simultaneous consumption Network effects Learning by doing Global competition LO4 Economic Growth Is economic growth desirable and sustainable? The antigrowth view Environmental and resource issues In defense of economic growth Higher standard of living Human imagination can solve environmental and resource issues LO5 Economic Growth Growth is the path to greater material abundance Results in higher standards of living Increases leisure time Allows for the expansion and application of human knowledge LO5 Global Perspective LO5
