(BQ) Part 2 book "Organic chemistry" has contents: Alcohols, diols and thiols; ethers, epoxides and sulfides; enols and enolates, carboxylic acids, ester enolates, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. nucleic acids, carbohydrates, carboxylic acid derivatives - nucleophilic acyl substitution. and other contents. | CHAPTER 15 ALCOHOLS, DIOLS, AND THIOLS T he next several chapters deal with the chemistry of various oxygen-containing functional groups. The interplay of these important classes of compounds—alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and derivatives of carboxylic acids—is fundamental to organic chemistry and biochemistry. ROH RORЈ O X RCH Alcohol Ether Aldehyde O X RCRЈ O X RCOH Ketone Carboxylic acid We’ll start by discussing in more detail a class of compounds already familiar to us, alcohols. Alcohols were introduced in Chapter 4 and have appeared regularly since then. With this chapter we extend our knowledge of alcohols, particularly with respect to their relationship to carbonyl-containing compounds. In the course of studying alcohols, we shall also look at some relatives. Diols are alcohols in which two hydroxyl groups (±OH) are present; thiols are compounds that contain an ±SH group. Phenols, compounds of the type ArOH, share many properties in common with alcohols but are sufficiently different from them to warrant separate discussion in Chapter 24. This chapter is a transitional one. It ties together much of the material encountered earlier and sets the stage for our study of other oxygen-containing functional groups in the chapters that follow. SOURCES OF ALCOHOLS Until the 1920s, the major source of methanol was as a byproduct in the production of charcoal from wood—hence, the name wood alcohol. Now, most of the more than 10 579 580 Carbon monoxide is obtained from coal, and hydrogen is one of the products formed when natural gas is converted to ethylene and propene (Section ). CHAPTER FIFTEEN Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols billion lb of methanol used annually in the United States is synthetic, prepared by reduction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen. ϩ CO Carbon monoxide ZnO/Cr2O3 400°C 2H2 CH3OH Hydrogen Methanol Almost half of this methanol is converted to formaldehyde as a starting material for various .
