After studying this chapter you will be able to: Name the three nutritional needs that must be met by an animal’s diet; describe the four classes of essential nutrients; distinguish among undernourishment, overnourishment, and malnourishment; describe the four main stages of food processing. | WARM-UP (Ch. 40) What is the principle of countercurrent exchange? (Review) What are the 4 classes of macromolecules? (Ch. 41) You eat a piece of candy. List the structures it passes through as it travels through your alimentary canal. Where does most of the digestion of the candy in #3 happen? Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition What you need to know: Major compartments of alimentary canal (organs) – and their contributions to animal nutrition. Digestive glands: salivary, pancreas, liver, gall bladder – and their contributions to animal nutrition. Digestion of carbs, proteins, fats, nucleic acids. Essential Nutrients: required by cells, obtained through food Four classes of essential nutrients: Essential amino acids (8) Essential fatty acids Vitamins (13) - fat-soluble, water-soluble Minerals Table Vitamin Requirements of Humans Table Mineral Requirements of Humans Dietary Deficiencies Undernourished: diet is deficient in calories, not enough energy Malnourishment: missing 1+ essential nutrients Herbivore licks exposed salts and minerals lacking in plants. The main stages of food processing: Ingestion: eating Digestion: breakdown of food into small molecules Mechanical (chewing, grinding) Chemical (enzymes) Absorption: cells take up nutrients Elimination: pass undigested materials from digestive system Digestive Compartments Most animals process food in specialized compartments Intracellular: digestion of food inside cells by food vacuoles Ex. phagocytosis, pinocytosis, sponges Extracellular: food broken down outside of cells Gastrovascular cavity (simple) or alimentary canal (complex) Intracellular Digestion: Sponges Extracellular Digestion Compartments are outside of the animal’s body Gastrovascular cavity: simple animals; single-opening, two-way digestion (food in, waste out) Digestion in a hydra Alimentary canal: more complex, one-way tubes with mouth and anus Specialized organs for digestion in Humans Digestive system = . | WARM-UP (Ch. 40) What is the principle of countercurrent exchange? (Review) What are the 4 classes of macromolecules? (Ch. 41) You eat a piece of candy. List the structures it passes through as it travels through your alimentary canal. Where does most of the digestion of the candy in #3 happen? Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition What you need to know: Major compartments of alimentary canal (organs) – and their contributions to animal nutrition. Digestive glands: salivary, pancreas, liver, gall bladder – and their contributions to animal nutrition. Digestion of carbs, proteins, fats, nucleic acids. Essential Nutrients: required by cells, obtained through food Four classes of essential nutrients: Essential amino acids (8) Essential fatty acids Vitamins (13) - fat-soluble, water-soluble Minerals Table Vitamin Requirements of Humans Table Mineral Requirements of Humans Dietary Deficiencies Undernourished: diet is deficient in calories, not enough energy Malnourishment: .
