This chapter distinguish among the following sets of terms: collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers; regulator and conformer; positive and negative feedback; basal and standard metabolic rates; torpor, hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor. This chapter also relate structure with function and identify diagrams of the following animal tissues: epithelial, connective tissue (six types), muscle tissue (three types), and nervous tissue. | Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges Animals inhabit almost every part of the biosphere Despite their amazing diversity All animals face a similar set of problems, including how to nourish themselves The comparative study of animals Reveals that form and function are closely correlated Figure Natural selection can fit structure, anatomy, to function, physiology By selecting, over many generations, what works best among the available variations in a population Concept : Physical laws and the environment constrain animal size and shape Physical laws and the need to exchange materials with the environment Place certain limits on the range of animal forms Physical Laws and Animal Form The ability to perform certain actions Depends on an animal’s shape and size Evolutionary convergence Reflects different species’ independent adaptation to a similar environmental challenge Figure –e (a) Tuna (b) Shark (c) Penguin (d) Dolphin (e) Seal Exchange with the Environment An animal’s size and shape Have a direct effect on how the animal exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings Exchange with the environment occurs as substances dissolved in the aqueous medium Diffuse and are transported across the cells’ plasma membranes A single-celled protist living in water Has a sufficient surface area of plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm Figure Diffusion (a) Single cell Multicellular organisms with a sac body plan Have body walls that are only two cells thick, facilitating diffusion of materials Figure Mouth Gastrovascular cavity Diffusion Diffusion (b) Two cell layers Organisms with more complex body plans Have highly folded internal surfaces specialized for exchanging materials External environment Food CO2 O2 Mouth Animal body Respiratory system Circulatory system Nutrients Excretory system Digestive system Heart Blood Cells Interstitial fluid Anus Unabsorbed matter . | Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges Animals inhabit almost every part of the biosphere Despite their amazing diversity All animals face a similar set of problems, including how to nourish themselves The comparative study of animals Reveals that form and function are closely correlated Figure Natural selection can fit structure, anatomy, to function, physiology By selecting, over many generations, what works best among the available variations in a population Concept : Physical laws and the environment constrain animal size and shape Physical laws and the need to exchange materials with the environment Place certain limits on the range of animal forms Physical Laws and Animal Form The ability to perform certain actions Depends on an animal’s shape and size Evolutionary convergence Reflects different species’ independent adaptation to a similar environmental challenge Figure –e (a) Tuna (b) Shark (c) Penguin .
