This chapter explores how budgets can be adjusted so that meaningful comparisons to actual costs can be made. This chapter include objectives: Prepare a flexible budget, prepare a report showing activity variances, prepare a report showing revenue and spending variances, prepare a performance report that combines activity variances and revenue and spending variances,. | Income Taxes in Capital Budgeting Decisions Appendix 8C Learning Objective 8-8 (Appendix 8C) Include income taxes in a capital budgeting analysis. Simplifying Assumptions Taxable income equals net income as computed for financial reports. The tax rate is a flat percentage of taxable income. Concept of After-tax Cost An expenditure net of its tax effect is known as after-tax cost. Here is the equation for determining the after-tax cost of any tax-deductible cash expense: After-tax Cost – An Example Assume a company with a 30% tax rate is contemplating investing in a training program that will cost $60,000 per year. We can use this equation to determine that the after-tax cost of the training program is $42,000. After-tax Cost – An Example The answer can also be determined by calculating the taxable income and income tax for two alternatives—without the training program and with the training program. The after-tax cost of the training program is the same—$42,000. After-tax Cost – An Example The amount of net cash inflow realized from a taxable cash receipt after income tax effects have been considered is known as the after-tax benefit. Depreciation Tax Shield While depreciation is not a cash flow, it does affect the taxes that must be paid and therefore has an indirect effect on a company’s cash flows. Depreciation Tax Shield – An Example Assume a company has annual cash sales and cash operating expenses of $500,000 and $310,000, respectively; a depreciable asset, with no salvage value, on which the annual straight-line depreciation expense is $90,000; and a 30% tax rate. Depreciation Tax Shield – An Example The depreciation tax shield is $27,000. Assume a company has annual cash sales and cash operating expenses of $500,000 and $310,000, respectively; a depreciable asset, with no salvage value, on which the annual straight-line depreciation expense is $90,000; and a 30% tax rate. Depreciation Tax Shield – An Example The answer can also be determined by calculating the taxable income and income tax for two alternatives—without the depreciation deduction and with the depreciation deduction. The depreciation tax shield is the same—$27,000. Holland Company – An Example Holland Company owns the mineral rights to land that has a deposit of ore. The company is deciding whether to purchase equipment and open a mine on the property. The mine would be depleted and closed in 10 years and the equipment would be sold for its salvage value. More information is provided on the next slide. Holland Company – An Example Should Holland open a mine on the property? Holland Company – An Example Step One: Compute the annual net cash receipts from operating the mine. Holland Company – An Example Step Two: Identify all relevant cash flows as shown. Holland Company – An Example Step Three: Translate the relevant cash flows to after-tax cash flows as shown. Holland Company – An Example Step Four: Discount all cash flows to their present value as shown. End of Appendix 8C
