Cognitive models represent users of interactive systems, hierarchical models represent a user’s task and goal structure. Linguistic models represent the user–system grammar. Physical and device models represent human motor skills. Cognitive architectures underlie all of these cognitive models. | Lecture 21 communication and collaboration models Today’s Lecture Introduction Face-to-face communication Conversation Grounding Text-based communication Group working Overview All computer systems, single user or multi-user, interact with the work-groups and organizations in which they are used. Need to understand normal human-human communication face-to-face communication involves eyes, face and body conversation can be analysed to establish its detailed structure Overview This can then be applied to text-based conversation, which has Reduced feedback for confirmation Less context to disambiguate expression Slower pace of interaction But is more easily reviewed Group working is more complex than that of a single person Influenced by the physical environment Experiments are more difficult to control and record Field studies must take into account the social situation disambiguate =to establish the true meaning of an expression, regulation, or ruling that is confusing or that could be interpreted in more than one way Social nature of humans Humans are inherently social creatures We live together, work together, learn together, play together, etc. Therefore, we need to develop interactive systems that support and extend these kinds of social interactions Communication and collaboration Face-to-face communication Most primitive and most subtle form of communication Often seen as the paradigm for computer mediated communication Face-to-face communication Transfer effects Carry expectations into electronic media People are adaptable . “the use of ‘over’ for turn-taking when using a walkie-talkie” But also expect they can use existing norms (. cultural) Face-to-face communication Sometimes with disastrous results The rules of face-to-face conversation are not conscious, so, when they are broken, we do not always recognize the true problem. May interpret failure as rudeness of colleague ., Personal space video may destroy mutual impression of distance . | Lecture 21 communication and collaboration models Today’s Lecture Introduction Face-to-face communication Conversation Grounding Text-based communication Group working Overview All computer systems, single user or multi-user, interact with the work-groups and organizations in which they are used. Need to understand normal human-human communication face-to-face communication involves eyes, face and body conversation can be analysed to establish its detailed structure Overview This can then be applied to text-based conversation, which has Reduced feedback for confirmation Less context to disambiguate expression Slower pace of interaction But is more easily reviewed Group working is more complex than that of a single person Influenced by the physical environment Experiments are more difficult to control and record Field studies must take into account the social situation disambiguate =to establish the true meaning of an expression, regulation, or ruling that is confusing or that could be
