In this chapter you will learn how these CPUs arc typically differentiated from one another and sec how their performance is measured. You also w ill learn some of the ways you can extend the power of your PC’s processor to other components by using its expansion capabilities. | CSC 101 Introduction to Computing Lecture 11 Dr. Iftikhar Azim Niaz ianiaz@ 1 1 Last Lecture Summary Memory Address , size What memory stores OS, Application programs, Data, Instructions Types of Memory Non Volatile and volatile Non Volatile ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash RAM – Volatile Memory Static RAM, Dynamic RAM, MRAM SDRAM and its types 2 2 Components affecting Speed CPU Memory Registers Clock speed Cache memory Data bus 3 Achieving Increased Processor Speed Increase the hardware speed of the processor. shrinking the size of the logic gates on the processor chip, so that more gates can be packed together more tightly Increasing the clock rate individual operations are executed more rapidly. Increase the size and speed of caches In particular, by dedicating a portion of the processor chip itself to the cache, cache access times drop significantly. Make changes to the processor organization and architecture that increase the effective speed of instruction execution. Typically, this involves using parallelism in one form or another. 4 Registers processor contains small, high-speed storage locations temporarily hold data and instructions part of the processor, not part of memory or a permanent storage device. Different types of registers, each with a specific storage function including storing the location from where an instruction was fetched storing an instruction while the control unit decodes it storing data while the ALU computes it, and storing the results of a calculation. 5 Register Function Almost all computers load data from a larger memory into registers where it is used for arithmetic, manipulated, or tested, by some machine instruction. Manipulated data is then often stored back in main memory, either by the same instruction or a subsequent one. 6 Register Size Number of bits processor can handle Word size indicates the amount of data with which the computer can work at any given time Larger indicates more powerful computer Increase | CSC 101 Introduction to Computing Lecture 11 Dr. Iftikhar Azim Niaz ianiaz@ 1 1 Last Lecture Summary Memory Address , size What memory stores OS, Application programs, Data, Instructions Types of Memory Non Volatile and volatile Non Volatile ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash RAM – Volatile Memory Static RAM, Dynamic RAM, MRAM SDRAM and its types 2 2 Components affecting Speed CPU Memory Registers Clock speed Cache memory Data bus 3 Achieving Increased Processor Speed Increase the hardware speed of the processor. shrinking the size of the logic gates on the processor chip, so that more gates can be packed together more tightly Increasing the clock rate individual operations are executed more rapidly. Increase the size and speed of caches In particular, by dedicating a portion of the processor chip itself to the cache, cache access times drop significantly. Make changes to the processor organization and architecture that increase the effective speed of instruction .
