Part 2 book “Human neuroanatomy” has contents: Ocular movements and visual reflexes, lower motor neurons and the pyramidal system, the extrapyramidal system and cerebellum, the olfactory and gustatory systems, the limbic system, the hypothalamus, the autonomic nervous system, the cerebral hemispheres, the meninges, ventricular system, and cerebrospinal fluid, and other contents. | CHAPter 13 Ocular Movements and Visual Reflexes OCULAR MOVEMENTS VESTIBULAR NYSTAGMUS CONJUGATE OCULAR MOVEMENTS THE RETICULAR FORMATION AND OCULAR MOVEMENTS EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS INNERVATION OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES OCULAR BOBBING ANATOMICAL BASIS OF CONJUGATE OCULAR MOVEMENTS EXAMINATION OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS VISUAL REFLEXES VESTIBULAR CONNECTIONS RELATED TO OCULAR MOVEMENTS FURTHER READING INJURY TO THE MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS OCULAR MOVEMENTS often move separately. Ocular fixation and coordination of ocular movements take place by about 3 months of age. Primary position of the eyes Normally our eyes look straight ahead and steadily fixate on objects in the visual field. This is the primary position (Figs and ) of the eyes. In this position, the visual axes of the two eyes are parallel and each vertical corneal meridian is parallel to the median plane of the head. The primary position is also termed the position of fixation or ocular fixation. The position of rest for the eyes exists in sleep when the eyelids are closed. In the newborn, the eyes CONJUGATE OCULAR MOVEMENTS Moving our eyes, head, and body increases our range of vision. Under normal circumstances, both eyes move in unison (yoked together or conjoined) and in the same direction. There are several types of such movements, termed conjugate ocular movements: (1) miniature ocular movements, (2) saccades, (3) pursuit movements, and (4) vestibular movements. The eyes move in opposite directions, independent of Human Neuroanatomy, Second Edition. James R. Augustine. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Companion website: 208 ● ● ● CHAPter 13 each other but with equal magnitude, when both eyes turn medially to a common point
