Part 2 book “Nanomedicine for inflammatory diseases” has contents: The biology and clinical treatment of multiple sclerosis, bridging the gap between the bench and the clinic, bridging the gap between the bench and the clinic, the biology and clinical treatment of asthma, nanotherapeutics for asthma, and other contents. | Chapter The Biology and Clinical Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Mahsa Khayat-Khoei, Leorah Freeman, and John Lincoln CONTENTS Overview, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of MS / 172 Epidemiology / 172 Genetics / 172 Epigenetics and the Environment / 172 Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis / 173 Clinical Features / 173 Magnetic Resonance Imaging / 173 Evolution and Prognosis / 175 Clinical Phenotypes / 175 Prognosis and Prediction / 175 Pathophysiology of MS / 176 Adaptive Immune Response / 176 Innate Immune Response / 177 Astrocytes / 177 Microglia / 178 Focal Demyelination, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration / 178 Evaluating WM Damage In Vivo / 178 Diffuse White Matter Damage / 179 Gray Matter Demyelination / 179 Neurodegeneration / 180 Meningeal Follicles / 180 Mitochondrial Dysfunction / 181 Cerebral Perfusion / 181 Treatment Strategies in MS / 181 Overview of Treatments: Mechanisms of Action / 181 MS Phenotypes: Impact on Treatment Choice / 183 Future Goals / 183 Remyelinating Therapies / 183 Neuroprotection Strategies / 184 Conclusions / 184 References / 184 171 OVERVIEW, RISK FACTORS, AND DIAGNOSIS OF MS Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects nearly 400,000 people in the United States alone and more than million people worldwide (Noseworthy et al. 2000; Reingold 2002), is the most common nontraumatic neurologic disease of young people leading to clinical disability, and reduces life span by approximately 7 years (Leray et al. 2015; Marrie et al. 2015). While numbers are variable, the average annual direct and indirect cost for the individual MS patient to society is estimated at more than $40,000, when combining treatments that modify disease course and manage clinical symptoms and time lost due to .
