(BQ) Part 2 book “Women’s health in interventional radiology” has contents: Spine interventions (kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty, spine pain management), lower extremity venous interventions. | Part III Spine Interventions Kyphoplasty and Vertebroplasty 5 Jozef M. Brozyna, Denis Primakov, Anthony C. Venbrux, Ajay D. Wadgaonkar, Sarah LaFond, Jay Karajgikar, and Wayne J. Olan Introduction Interventional Radiology has played an increasingly critical role in the arena of women’s health. Specifically in the spine, image-guided interventions consist primarily of vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, spine biopsy, and pain management. The evolution of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty have changed the management of osteoporotic and malignant vertebral body compression fractures (VCFs), This chapter will discuss each intervention, with particular emphasis given to step-by-step descriptions of the procedures. Pathophysiology An estimated 700,000 vertebral collapses occur each year in the United States. Most of these fractures occur in postmenopausal women secondary to osteoporosis. In fact, women over the age of 50 have a 26% chance of having a vertebral compression fracture. This incidence increases with age, climbing to 40% in women over the age of 80. Women who have sustained a previous vertebral fracture have a chance of developing new fractures in the following year [1]. The majority of vertebral insufficiency across both genders stems from osteoporosis. Consequently, approximately 70% () of back pain associated with vertebral compression fractures is due to osteoporosis. Other less common causes of vertebral compression fractures include metastatic cancer ( of fractures), trauma (), plasmacytoma or multiple myeloma (), and symptomatic angioma () [2]. See Fig. . While completely accurate statistics are not available, it is believed that at least one half of all individuals who die from cancer each year have skeletal metastases. The medical, economic, and social consequences of breast cancer metastasis to the spine can be more severe than any other cause of VCF. In women, breast cancer is the most likely malignancy to metastasize to .
