Lecture Development economics - Lecture 15: Dualism and the concept of dual societies. Dualism is a concept which represents the existence and persistence of increasing divergences between rich and poor both at world level and at country levels. | Dualism and the Concept of Dual Societies Lecture 15 Definition of Dualism Dualism is a concept which represents the existence and persistence of increasing divergences between rich and poor both at world level and at country levels. Components/Elements of Dualism: Prof. Hans Singer presents the four components of dualisms: The different sorts of conditions amongst which some are superiors while others are inferior, and they coexist in a given space at a same time. For example, the co-existence of modern and traditional methods of production in urban and rural sectors; the co existence of wealthy, highly educated elites with the masses of illiterate poor people; and the coexistence of powerful and industrialized wealthy nations with the weak, impoverished peasant societies in the international economy etc. (ii) The co-existences which we mentioned above are chronic, not just the transitional. Thus it is not a temporary phenomenon which in time will eliminate the discrepancy between the superior and inferior elements. (iii) The degrees of superiority or inferiority have an inherent tendency to increase, rather diminishing. As the productivity gap between a DC industry and its counter-part in LDCs goes on to widen day by day. (iv) The inter relations between superior and inferior elements are of such nature that superior element does little or nothing to pull up the inferior. International Dualism: There are four components of international dualism: (i) There exist greater differences in between different countries and geographical regions regarding per capita incomes. (ii) These differences are not temporary and short termed, rather they are chronic. As the standard of living enjoyed by an average Pakistani and that of an American is different for centuries, not for decades. (iii) These differences go on increasing, rather decreasing. As the growth rates of GNP and that of GNP per capita have really been widened between developed countries and . | Dualism and the Concept of Dual Societies Lecture 15 Definition of Dualism Dualism is a concept which represents the existence and persistence of increasing divergences between rich and poor both at world level and at country levels. Components/Elements of Dualism: Prof. Hans Singer presents the four components of dualisms: The different sorts of conditions amongst which some are superiors while others are inferior, and they coexist in a given space at a same time. For example, the co-existence of modern and traditional methods of production in urban and rural sectors; the co existence of wealthy, highly educated elites with the masses of illiterate poor people; and the coexistence of powerful and industrialized wealthy nations with the weak, impoverished peasant societies in the international economy etc. (ii) The co-existences which we mentioned above are chronic, not just the transitional. Thus it is not a temporary phenomenon which in time will eliminate the .
