Chapter 8 - TCP/IP fundamentals. Chapter summary: The TCP/IP protocols were developed to support systems that use any computing platform or operating system; the TCP/IP protocol stack consists of four layers: link, internet, transport, and application; IP uses the ARP protocol to resolve IP addresses into the hardware addresses needed for data-link layer protocol communications;.and other contents. | Chapter Overview TCP/IP Protocols IP Addressing TCP/IP History Developed in the 1970s Created for use on the ARPANET Used by UNIX Predates the PC, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, and Ethernet Platform and operating system independent TCP/IP Standards Developed using a collaborative process Published as Requests for Comments (RFCs) by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) In the public domain Advantages of a Multilayered Design Platform independence Quality of service Simultaneous development The Four TCP/IP Layers Link. Includes Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Internet. Includes Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and Internet Group Membership Protocol (IGMP), plus some dynamic routing protocols Transport. Includes Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Application. Includes Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) The OSI | Chapter Overview TCP/IP Protocols IP Addressing TCP/IP History Developed in the 1970s Created for use on the ARPANET Used by UNIX Predates the PC, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, and Ethernet Platform and operating system independent TCP/IP Standards Developed using a collaborative process Published as Requests for Comments (RFCs) by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) In the public domain Advantages of a Multilayered Design Platform independence Quality of service Simultaneous development The Four TCP/IP Layers Link. Includes Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Internet. Includes Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and Internet Group Membership Protocol (IGMP), plus some dynamic routing protocols Transport. Includes Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Application. Includes Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) The OSI Model and the TCP/IP Model Link Layer Protocols in the TCP/IP Suite SLIP PPP ARP Characteristics and Functions ARP is the acronym for Address Resolution Protocol. ARP is defined in RFC 826, “Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol.” It can be considered a link layer protocol or an internet layer protocol. ARP resolves IP addresses into hardware addresses. ARP Address Resolution Process 1. IP packages transport layer information into a datagram by inserting the IP address of the destination system into the Destination IP Address field of the IP header. 2. IP compares the network identifier in the destination IP address to its own network identifier and determines whether to send the datagram directly to the destination host or to a router on the local network. 3. IP generates an ARP Request packet containing its own hardware address and IP address in the Sender Hardware Address and Sender Protocol Address fields. 4. The system passes the ARP Request message down to the .
