Lecture Campbell biology: Concepts and connections (Seventh edition) - Chapter 11: How genes are controlled. The main contents of this chapter include all of the following: Control of gene expression, cloning of plants and animals, the genetic basis of cancer. | Chapter 11 How Genes Are Controlled 0 Cloning is the creation of an individual by asexual reproduction. The ability to clone an animal from a single cell demonstrates that every adult body cell contains a complete genome that is capable of directing the production of all the cell types in an organism. 0 Introduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cloning has been attempted to save endangered species. However, cloning does not increase genetic diversity and may trivialize the tragedy of extinction and detract from efforts to preserve natural habitats. 0 Introduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Chapter 11: Big Ideas Control of Gene Expression Cloning of Plants and Animals The Genetic Basis of Cancer Figure Chapter 11: Big Ideas CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Gene regulation is the turning on and off of genes. Gene expression is the overall process of information flow from genes to proteins. The control of gene . | Chapter 11 How Genes Are Controlled 0 Cloning is the creation of an individual by asexual reproduction. The ability to clone an animal from a single cell demonstrates that every adult body cell contains a complete genome that is capable of directing the production of all the cell types in an organism. 0 Introduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cloning has been attempted to save endangered species. However, cloning does not increase genetic diversity and may trivialize the tragedy of extinction and detract from efforts to preserve natural habitats. 0 Introduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Chapter 11: Big Ideas Control of Gene Expression Cloning of Plants and Animals The Genetic Basis of Cancer Figure Chapter 11: Big Ideas CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Gene regulation is the turning on and off of genes. Gene expression is the overall process of information flow from genes to proteins. The control of gene expression allows cells to produce specific kinds of proteins when and where they are needed. Our earlier understanding of gene control came from the study of E. coli. 0 Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure E. coli Figure Cells of E. coli bacteria Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes A cluster of genes with related functions, along with the control sequences, is called an operon. With few exceptions, operons only exist in prokaryotes. 0 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes When an E. coli encounters lactose, all the enzymes needed for its metabolism are made at once using the lactose operon. The lactose (lac) operon includes three adjacent lactose-utilization genes, a promoter sequence where RNA .
