(BQ) Part 2 book "Determinants of financial development" has contents: Political institutions and financial development, financial reforms for financial development, geographic determinants of carbon markets,. and other contents. | 4 Political Institutions and Financial Development Introduction Over the last few decades, there has been a substantial increase in financial development in many developing countries. The average ratio of private credit to GDP increased from 23% in 1980 to 32% in 2000, while the average ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP rose from 32% in 1980 to 42% in 2000 in the developing world. On the political front, between 1980 and 2000 62 developing countries undertook significant institutional reforms towards Do the above economic and political events in the developing world interact in important ways? Much work has been done to explore the relationship between institutional improvement, especially political liberalization, and economic growth. The existing research in this field does not unanimously establish the consequences of political reform for economic development. Instead, it is made up of one line of research supporting positive consequences, another line stressing negative consequences and some maintaining ambiguous views. How does democratic process to improve institutional quality influence financial development, especially in countries with low GDP per capita, high ethnic and religious divisions or specific legal origins? The importance of institutional improvement for financial development has been implicitly indicated by Clague et al. (1996) and Olson (1993), who argue that, in comparison to autocracies, democracies better facilitate property rights protection and contract enforcement, encouraging investment directly. In recent research on the political economy of financial development, Pagano and Volpin (2001), Rajan and Zingales (2003) and Beck et al. (2003) highlight the role of political intervention and institutions in financial development. In examining what forces lead 101 HUANG: “CHAP04” — 2010/9/29 — 20:06 — PAGE 101 — #1 102 Determinants of Financial Development governments to undertake reforms to enhance financial .
