(BQ) Part 2 book “Hugo and russell’s pharmaceutical microbiology” has contents: Microbial spoilage, infection risk and contamination control, laboratory evaluation of antimicrobial agents, chemical disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives, sterilization procedures and sterility assurance, and other contents. | Part 4 Contamination and infection control 17 Microbial spoilage, infection risk and contamination control Rosamund M. Baird University of Bath, Bath, UK 1 Introduction 273 2 Spoilage—chemical and physicochemical deterioration of pharmaceuticals 274 Pharmaceutical ingredients susceptible to microbial attack 274 Observable effects of microbial attack on pharmaceutical products 276 Factors affecting microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products 276 Types and size of contaminant inoculum 276 Nutritional factors 277 Moisture content: water activity (Aw) 277 Redox potential 278 Storage temperature 278 pH 278 Packaging design 278 Protection of microorganisms within pharmaceutical products 278 3 Hazard to health 279 Microbial toxins 280 4 Sources and control of contamination 281 In manufacture 281 Hospital manufacture 281 Water 281 Environment 281 Packaging 281 In use 282 Human sources 282 Environmental sources 282 1 Introduction Pharmaceutical products used in the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of disease contain a wide variety of ingredients, often in quite complex physicochemical Equipment sources 283 5 The extent of microbial contamination 283 In manufacture 283 In use 284 6 Factors determining the outcome of a medicament-borne infection 284 Type and degree of microbial contamination 284 Route of administration 285 Resistance of the patient 285 7 Preservation of medicines using antimicrobial agents: basic principles 285 Introduction 285 Effect of preservative concentration, temperature and size of inoculum 286 Factors affecting the ‘availability’ of preservatives 286 Effect of product pH 286 Efficiency in multiphase systems 286 Effect of container or packaging 287 8 Quality assurance and the control of microbial risk in medicines 287 Introduction 287 Quality assurance in .
