(BQ) Part 2 book "Modelling optimization and control of biomedical systems" has contents: An integrated platform for the study of leukaemia, in silico acute myeloid leukaemia, in vitro studies - acute myeloid leukaemia,. and other contents. | 157 Part II 159 5 Part A: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Modelling, Model Analysis and Optimization Stamatina Zavitsanou1, Athanasios Mantalaris2, Michael C. Georgiadis3, and Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos4 1 Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK 3 Laboratory of Process Systems Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thesaloniki, Greece 4 Texas A&M Energy Institute, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA 2 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Modelling, Model Analysis and Optimization Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by insufficient or absent insulin circulation, elevated levels of glucose in the plasma and beta cells’ inability to respond to metabolic stimulus. It results from autoim mune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, which is responsible for secretion of insulin, the hormone that contributes to glucose distribution in the human cells. T1DM is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of childhood. According to the American Diabetes Association, 1 in 400–600 children and adolescents in the USA have T1DM, and the incidence is increasing worldwide (Onkamo et al., 1999; Patterson et al., 2009) not only in populations with high incidence such as Finland (2010: 50/100,000 a year) but also in low‐incidence populations (30/100,000 a year) (see Figure ). T1DM can cause serious complications in the major organs of the body. Problems in the heart, kidney, eyes and nerves can develop gradually over years. The risk of the complications can be decreased only when blood glucose is efficiently regulated. The most common treatment of T1DM is daily subcutaneous insulin injec tions. This method subjects the patient to several complications, such as requirement of the patient’s appropriate education and adherence to
